Fourth, it was observed that DJF AMO exhibits clear interdecadal fluctuations around the early 1970s (switching from positive to negative) and mid-1990s (switching from negative to positive) (Geng et al., 2017 ), and it has a fairly similar in-phase interdecadal relationship with mega-ENSO. , 2015 ), the warm (cold) AMO might lead to an increased (decreased) epochal winter haze frequency over Beijing and its surroundings by suppressing (facilitating) occurrences of in situ cold air via a quasi-barotropic planetary-scale Rossby wavetrain emanating from the North Atlantic. However, the actual decreased epochal WHDCock sucking during P2 (corresponding to warm AMO) and increased epochal WHDBlowjob during P1 (corresponding to cold AMO) allow us to speculate that AMO could play a relatively minor role in modulating WHDBlowjob on decadal timescales compared to mega-ENSO. Furthermore, it was found that AMO can modulate variations in PDO/IPO on decadal timescales through atmospheric bridges (Si and Ding, 2016 ; Kosaka, 2018 ; Zhang et al., 2018 ). Therefore, the existence of appreciable interactions between DJF AMO and mega-ENSO, if any, should be ascertained. These issues are deserving of further investigations in future studies.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The audience is pleased to Zhiwei Zhu and you will Jian Cao regarding Nanjing School of information Science and Tech for useful conversation and you can technology guidelines into the running the latest mathematical design. I give thanks to the latest private writers because of their positive statements and you may advice. This works are backed by the Atmospheric Toxic contamination Control of the fresh Prime Minister Fund (Give No. DQGG0104), the newest National Sheer Science Foundation of China (Grant No.41790471), the fresh new National Preliminary research Development (973) program out of Asia (Give Zero. 2012CB417205), while the Strategic Priority Search System of Chinese Academy out of Sciences (Give Zero.
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Data S1 Shape S1. December–March (DJF) element variations from ocean skin temperatures (SST) (shady, °C) in the period ranging from (a) pre-P1 (1961–1971) and P1 (1972–1996) (pre-P1 minus P1) and you will (b) P2 (1997–2012) and you may blog post-P2 (2013–2018) (P2 without post-P2) once removing the new linear pattern. The latest red-colored contours for the (a) and (b) tell you the brand new western Pacific K-figure while the eastern Pacific triangle-shape places, being deployed during the determining the latest super-ENSO directory considering Wang ainsi que al. (2013).
Figure S2. DJF composite differences of (a) surface relative humidity (shaded, %), (b) surface air temperature (shaded, °C), (c) surface wind speed (shaded, m·s ?1 ), (d) sea-level pressure (shaded, hPa), (e) planetary boundary layer height (shaded, m), and (f) air temperature between 850 and 1,000 hPa (shaded, °C) between years of more and less frequent wintertime haze days in Beijing (WHDBj). The stippled areas indicate the values exceeding the 90% confidence level. The pentagram delineates the location of Beijing. The more (less) frequent WHDCock sucking is defined with a detrended WHDBlowjob value >0.8 (
Figure S3. The fresh new climatological-imply (1981–2010) DJF 500-hPa geopotential peak (outlines, gpm) and you can 850-hPa breeze (vectors, m·s ?step 1 ). Brand new pentagram spells out the region of Beijing, and also the grey shady town denotes the brand new Tibetan Plateau.
Profile S4posited DJF defects regarding (a) epidermis cousin humidity (shady, %), (b) facial skin sky temperature (shaded, °C), (c) epidermis wind-speed (shady, m·s http://www.datingranking.net/blackplanet-review/?step 1 ), (d) sea-peak pressure (shady, hPa), and you can (e) sky temperature between 850 and you can step one,100000 hPa (shaded, °C) for pre-P1 (1961–1971). The base several months is 1961–2018.
Shape S5. DJF compound variation off five hundred-hPa omega (traces, 10 ?2 Pa·s ?step 1 ) for the period between P1 (1972–1996) and P2 (1997–2012) (P2 minus P1) after deleting the fresh new linear pattern. Values that will be tall in the 90% count on height are shady. The newest pentagram distills the region out-of Beijing.
Profile S6posited DJF defects out of SST (shady, °C) to have blog post-P2 (2013–2018). The red-colored traces let you know brand new west Pacific K-figure and eastern Pacific triangle-figure nations, which can be implemented from inside the determining the mega-ENSO list based on Wang ainsi que al. (2013). The beds base several months is actually 1961–2018.